Acid - An acid has a pH lower than 7 and can be used as an exfoliating
agent or to neutralize alkalinity (e.g. citric acid.) Fatty acids work as thickeners,
softeners and lubricants (e.g. stearic acid.)
Alcohol - Used as a solvent, carrier or astringent, and is antiseptic
and bactericidal. Fatty alcohols are organic compounds that have been exposed
to hydrogen and are often used as moisturizers or thickeners (e.g. cetyl alcohol.)
Antioxidant - Neutralizes or blocks the damaging effects of free radicals
(e.g. vitamin C.)
Emollient - Fatty substances and oils that soften, hydrate or condition
the skin (e.g. dimethicone.)
Emulsifier - Holds the oil-based and water-based ingredients together,
helping to stabilize a product (e.g. carrageenan.)
Humectant - Hydrating substance that increases skin's moisture content
and binds moisture to the skin (e.g. urea.)
Preservative - Ensures the product is microbiologically safe and stable
by preventing the growth of micro-organisms. Bioelements uses safe, non-toxic
preservatives (e.g. propylparaben.)
Surfactant - Surface-active ingredients that bind matter to water and
can create bubbles. Foaming agents, wetting agents and cleansers are all surfactants
(e.g. sodium lauryl sulfate.) Some surfactants also work as emulsifiers (e.g.
polysorbate-20.)